Tina Hannemann (University of Manchester), Hill Kulu (University of St Andrews), Amparo González-Ferrer (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC Madrid), Pailhé (Institut National d'Études Démographiques, INED), Rahnu & Puur (University of Tallinn) investigated marriage, divorce, and cohabitation habits among immigrants and their descendants in four very different European countries: the UK, Spain, France, and Estonia. Their analysis demonstrated significant heterogeneity in partnership behaviour across migrant groups both within the same country and across the four European countries.

How do countries differ in decisions to live alone over the life course? Researchers at the Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics & Universidad Complutense looked at global patterns and trends of those living alone based on sex and age. They found cross-national differences by gender and country-specific trends, and concluded that living alone is related to levels of individualism.

Muller, Hiekel & Liefbroer investigate whether the "motherhood (earnings) penalty" holds true in the 21st century. Their results show that family trajectories do indeed have long-lasting consequences for women's personal earnings and employment, with women who follow traditional family trajectories facing the highest penalties.

In Iceland, 70 per cent of children were conceived outside of marriage in 2018, yet marriage rates remain on par with the OECD average. Jónsson investigates whether the order of life course events, including cohabitation, marriage and childbirth, has changed over the past decades.

Binder-Hammer and colleagues analysed gender differences in intergenerational transfers to children and older people across 15 European countries. They found significant gender differences across countries related to time allocated to paid and unpaid work as well as how much men and women benefit from the pension system. These gender differences varied between countries.

Campolo & colleagues used an innovative methodology to investigate the roles of endogeneity of fertility, as well as gender and family attitudes and the bargaining process between partners, in the division of unpaid care work within couples.