Depopulation is a recurring theme, but its contemporary causes tell a new story. Population decline today is the partial result of a natural development process. A smaller population does not have to be the defining factor of a country in economic or geopolitical considerations. A population’s composition is more consequential than simply its size. This report from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), written by Wolfgang Lutz and Nicholas Gailey, addresses depopulation from a multi-dimensional demographic perspective, not only looking at population size and age structure, but also differentiating by level of education and labor force participation.